[18][19], Numerous investigations explored the causes of the explosion and record-setting spill. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Test Results BioWorld is the greatest of all products tested and 96.1% of the initial concentration of oil was degraded by the end of the study. It set five goals: In 2011, one year after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, BP agreed to provide up to $1 billion toward early restoration projects in the Gulf of Mexico. Rather, it concluded that "notwithstanding these inherent risks, the accident of April 20 was avoidable" and that "it resulted from clear mistakes made in the first instance by BP, Halliburton and Transocean, and by government officials who, relying too much on industry's assertions of the safety of their operations, failed to create and apply a program of regulatory oversight that would have properly minimized the risk of deepwater drilling. Pre-oil spill samples are what someone would expect in other beaches of similar location without contamination, which include a variety of diverse organisms that exhibit high level of interactions [5]. Two weeks after the wellhead was capped on 15 July 2010, the surface oil appeared to have dissipated, while an unknown amount of subsurface oil remained. [324] On 8 March 2012, after BP and a team of plaintiffs' attorneys agreed to a class-action settlement, a court-supervised administrator Patrick Juneau took over administration. The deal would settle roughly 100,000 claims filed by individuals and businesses affected by the spill. [145] On 2 August 2010, the EPA said dispersants did no more harm to the environment than the oil and that they stopped a large amount of oil from reaching the coast by breaking it down faster. BP also agreed to four years of government monitoring of its safety practices and ethics, and the Environmental Protection Agency announced that BP would be temporarily banned from new contracts with the United States government. Three new agencies replaced it, separating the regulation, leasing, and revenue collection responsibilities respectively, among the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, and Office of Natural Resources Revenue. [45], According to the satellite images, the spill directly affected 70,000sqmi (180,000km2) of ocean, which is comparable to the size of Oklahoma. [169], On 18 May 2010, BP was designated the lead "Responsible Party" under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which meant that BP had operational authority in coordinating the response. Many large-scale skimmers exceeded the limit. A large scale of bioremediation was deployed during the BP oil spill crisis due to its effectiveness and lower cost [8]. "[331], In July 2013, BP made a motion in court to freeze payments on tens of thousands of claims, arguing inter alia that a staff attorney from the Deepwater Horizon Court-Supervised Settlement Program, the program responsible for evaluating compensation claims, had improperly profited from claims filed by a New Orleans law firm. The devastating environmental impacts of the Exxon Valdez spill in 1989 and its media notoriety made it a frequent comparison to the BP Deepwater Horizon spill in the popular press in 2010, even though the nature of the two spills and the environments impacted were vastly different. After the explosion, oil gushed from the sea floor releasing an estimated 5.84x108 litre of crude oil into the ocean [11] . [89], On 3 September 2010, the 300-ton failed blowout preventer was removed from the well and a replacement blowout preventer was installed. Oil spill cleanup. Dead bodies of marine birds, fish, and various other affected animals can be seen floating all over the area. [57] As of July2011[update], about 491mi (790km) of coastline in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida were contaminated by oil and a total of 1,074mi (1,728km) had been oiled since the spill began. The funds will be used strictly for research activities, with results published in peer-reviewed scientific journals with no BP approval or review. [90][91] On 16 September 2010, the relief well reached its destination and pumping of cement to seal the well began. However, it was not clear if this deal had been officially proposed to BP and if BP has accepted it. [80] On 16 June, a second containment system connected directly to the blowout preventer began carrying oil and gas to service vessels, where it was consumed in a clean-burning system. Corexit EC9500A and Corexit EC9527A were the principal variants. On beaches the main techniques were sifting sand, removing tar balls, and digging out tar mats manually or by using mechanical devices. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.. On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded off the Gulf Coast, killing 11 people and injuring 17. Typically such large amounts are sprayed over the open ocean from an airplane or helicopter. [318] Another was ignoring a pressure test that had failed. Phylogenetic In April 2012, the Justice Department filed the first criminal charge against Kurt Mix, a BP engineer, for obstructing justice by deleting messages showing that BP knew the flow rate was three times higher than initial claims by the company, and knew that "Top Kill" was unlikely to succeed, but claimed otherwise. Bioaugmentation. [210], In the first birthing season for dolphins after the spill, dead baby dolphins washed up along Mississippi and Alabama shorelines at about 10times the normal number. "The Impact of the BP Oil Spill on Visitor Spending in Louisiana: Revised estimates based on data through 2010 Q4, Prepared for the Louisiana Office of Tourism", "Summary of Information concerning the Ecological and Economic Impacts of the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Disaster", "BP costs for oil spill response pass $3billion", "Smaller BP's profits down as oil spill trial looms", "Time to scrap BP brand? On October 5, 2015, we proposed a comprehensive, integrated, ecosystem restoration plan to address impacts from the spill to the Gulf of Mexico. This incident was caused by an explosion of the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling unit located in the Gulf of Mexico capable of drilling down to 9144 meters deep under water [11] . Regular cleanup patrols were no longer considered justified but cleanup was being conducted on an as-needed basis, in response to public reports. The time an ecosystem takes to recover from an oil spill depends on its size. Fish are intoxicated by the petroleum products and are unable to cope with the stress. Due to the Deepwater Horizon spill, marine life was suffering. BP was also faced with growing private claim payments estimated at $14.8 billion in October 2016. [270] The moratorium suspended work on 33rigs,[270] and a group of affected companies formed the Back to Work Coalition. In the United States the Deepwater Horizon investigation included several investigations and commissions, including reports by the USCG National Incident Commander, Admiral Thad Allen, the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE), National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council, Government Accountability Office, National Oil Spill Commission, and Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. [101][102], The USCG initially said the oil was too dispersed to recover and posed no threat to the coastline,[103] but later warned BP and Transocean that they might be held financially responsible for cleaning up the new oil. ", "BP Buys 'Oil' Search Terms to Redirect Users to Official Company Website", "BP buys 'oil spill' sponsored links for search engines", "Bob Dudley: Profile of the new BP chief executive", "Why we disrupted Tony Hayward's award at the University of Birmingham", "Honorary degree for ex-BP Gulf of Mexico boss is a sick joke", "University defends degree for Deepwater Horizon boss Tony Hayward", "Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: International Offers of Assistance", "U.S. not accepting foreign help on oil spill", "Jones Act: Maritime politics strain Gulf oil spill cleanup", "Salazar Launches Safety and Environmental Protection Reforms to Toughen Oversight of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations", "Weekly Address: President Obama Establishes Bipartisan National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling", "Attorney General Eric Holder on Gulf Oil Spill", "Anadarko and Mitsui executives set to testify", "Deepwater Horizon blowout preventer 'faulty' Congress", Transocean, Halliburton blast BP report on cause of blowout, oil spill, "Gulf oil spill: President's panel says firms complacent", "Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling", "BP and firms made risky decisions before spill: report", "Blunders Abounded Before Gulf Spill, Panel Says", "BP, Transocean, Halliburton blamed by presidential Gulf oil spill commission", "Panel: Without changes in oil industry and government, BP-like spill could happen again", "DNV report on Deepwater Horizon BOP concluded", "Gulf oil spill report: BP ultimately responsible in Gulf spill", "Comment. The paper is titled "Oil biodegradation and bioremediation: A tale of the two worst spills in U. S. history." . The oil rig involved in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill was owned and operated by offshore oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by the oil company BP. In March 2014, BP was again allowed to bid for oil and gas leases. [36][40] The Deepwater Horizon sank on the morning of 22 April 2010. "[246] ProPublica reported that workers were being photographed while working with no protective clothing. [77] The collected gas was flared and oil stored on board the drillship Discoverer Enterprise. NOAA led development of the preliminary restoration planning, along with the U.S. The conclusion was that BP was partly to blame, as was Transocean, which owned the rig. $1 billion already allocated during early restoration which began in 2011. Below is a summary of areas in which more research needs to be done. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill | Gulf of Mexico | April 2010 What Happened? A decrease in the number of phototrophs, with them being primary producers in marine food chain will greatly impact all other organisms. 951 bacterial subfamilies, which, possibly about 16 types contributed to the degradation. "[351][352] The Supreme Court of the United States later refused to hear BP's appeal after victims and claimants, along with numerous Gulf coast area chambers of commerce, objected to the oil major's efforts to renege on the Settlement Agreement. [56] In October, weathered oil reached Texas. Bioremediation is a method used to treat water, soil, and subsurface material pollutants through changing environmental conditions to catalyze the growth of microorganisms and reduce the target pollutants 4. In July 2010, it was reported that the spill was "already having a 'devastating' effect on marine life in the Gulf". ASM Connect. Due to the effectiveness and lower cost of bioremediation, two methods. Microorganisms live in environments of delicate balance; adding such large amounts of hydrocarbons will disrupt this balance with severe consequences [5]. Mixing dispersants with oil at the wellhead would keep some oil below the surface and in theory, allowing microbes to digest the oil before it reached the surface. [23][59] Oil sector analysts at London-based investment bank Canaccord Genuity noted that a settlement along the lines disclosed would only be a partial resolution of the many claims against BP. In a New York Times opinion piece, Stephen Teague, staff attorney at the Mississippi Center for Justice, argued that BP had become "increasingly brazen" in "stonewalling payments." [191] PAHs can harm marine species directly and microbes used to consume the oil can reduce marine oxygen levels. [235][236], Mike Robicheux, a Louisiana physician, described the situation as "the biggest public health crisis from a chemical poisoning in the history of this country. "But tens of thousands of gulf residents still haven't been fully compensated for their losses, and many are struggling to make ends meet. [282], Initially, BP downplayed the incident; its CEO Tony Hayward called the amount of oil and dispersant "relatively tiny" in comparison with the "very big ocean. It smothered corals in oil and chemicals, and disrupted the reproductive cycles of commercial and recreational fish -- including large fish like bluefin tuna. On December 15, 2010, the United States filed a complaint in District Court against BP Exploration & Production and several other defendants alleged to be responsible for the spill. The volume of oil escaping the damaged welloriginally estimated by BP to be about 1,000 barrels per daywas thought by U.S. government officials to have peaked at more than 60,000 barrels per day. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Detailed allocations and project information can be found on the Trustee Council website. [243][244][245] OSHA said "cleanup workers are receiving "minimal" exposure to airborne toxinsOSHA will require that BP provide certain protective clothing, but not respirators. Transcript: Media Encounter Access Problems While Covering The Oil Spill, "The BP Spill's Growing Toll on the Sea Life of the Gulf", "Biodiversity of the Gulf of Mexico: Applications to the Deep Horizon oil spill", "OSU researchers find heightened levels of known carcinogens in Gulf News and Research Communications", "U.S. oil spill waters contain carcinogens: report", "BP: Mile-long tube sucking oil away from Gulf well", "Oil spill full of methane, adding new concerns", "Dispersed Oil Disrupts Microbial Pathways in Pelagic Food Webs", "Oil from Deepwater Horizon disaster entered food chain in the Gulf of Mexico", "Scientists Find Evidence That Oil And Dispersant Mix Is Making Its Way into The Foodchain", "Gulf's dolphins pay heavy price for Deepwater oil spill", "BP oil spill: The 'horribly mutated' creatures living in the Gulf", "Eyeless shrimp and mutant fish raise concerns over BP spill effects", "Gulf seafood deformities alarm scientists Features", "Gulf ecosystem in crisis after BP spill", Deepwater Horizon spill threatens more species than legally protected, study finds, "Deep sea fish named in world top ten new species", "Gulf Oil Spill: Coral Death 'Definitively' Linked To BP Spill", "Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico", "BP oil spill seriously harmed deep-sea corals, scientists warn", "Submarine Dive Finds Oil, Dead Sea Life at Bottom of Gulf of Mexico", "20102011 Cetacean Unusual Mortality Event in Northern Gulf of Mexico Office of Protected Resources NOAA Fisheries", Conservation Letters: Whale and dolphin death toll during Deepwater disaster may have been greatly underestimated by Dr. [308] The National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling was established on 22 May to "consider the root causes of the disaster and offer options on safety and environmental precautions. The deepwater oil plume was greater than 35 km in distance and 30% was still in the water column. Bioaugmentation is the inoculation of a relatively small amount of oil-degrading microbes into an affected area. That 80 percent resulted in $5.3 billion going to the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund, dedicated to five priorities, commonly called funding buckets: Amount of civil penalties collected from the Clean Water Act and dedicated by the federal RESTORE Act to the Gulf. "[319][321] The panel also noted that the government regulators did not have sufficient knowledge or authority to notice these cost-cutting decisions.[318]. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Coastal Wetland and Wildlife Impacts and Response - M. Lynne Corn - Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More Calendar Translate Mobile Books. As oil and gas, shipping, and tourism activities increase, the possibilities of an oil spill also increase. [45] According to a group presenting the plaintiffs, the deal has no specific cap. This entailed pumping cement through a channelknown as a relief wellthat paralleled and eventually intersected the original well. Clarke, Sanchez, Bonfiles, Escobedo (15 June 2010). [247] An independent investigation for Newsweek showed that BP did not hand out the legally required safety manual for use with Corexit, and were not provided with safety training or protective gear. A large scale of bioremediation was deployed during the BP oil spill crisis due to its effectiveness and lower cost [8]. [241], Following the 26 May 2010 hospitalization of seven fishermen that were working in the cleanup crew, BP requested that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health perform a Health Hazard Evaluation. [179][183][184] Some members of Congress criticized the restrictions placed on access by journalists. 8 September 2010, Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Offshore oil spill prevention and response, Research and Development Institute of Ecology and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Economic and political consequences of the Deepwater Horizon disaster, 2010 United States deepwater drilling moratorium, Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Organization for International Investment, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce, God's Counting on Me, God's Counting on You, Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States), Deepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report, On Scene Coordinator Report on Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, "BP / Gulf Oil Spill 68,000 Square Miles of Direct Impact", "Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say", "BP leak the world's worst accidental oil spill", "Obama, in Gulf, pledges to push on stopping leak", "Memorial service honors 11 dead oil rig workers", "Blown-out BP well finally killed at bottom of Gulf", "Rocky Kistner: The Macondo Monkey on BP's Back", The Use of Surface and Subsea Dispersants During the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. [176] The Coast Guard and BP denied having a policy of restricting journalists; they noted that members of the media had been embedded with the authorities and allowed to cover response efforts since the beginning of the effort, with more than 400 embeds aboard boats and aircraft to date. For example, genes for hydrocarbon degradation (ex: alkB) are found in uncontaminated samples from the Gulf of Mexico more commonly than in other regions around the world. Initial testing regularly showed detectable levels of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, a chemical used in the clean up. On August 3 BP conducted a static kill, a procedure in which drilling mud was pumped into the well through the BOP. [176], Local and federal authorities citing BP's authority denied access to members of the press attempting to document the spill from the air, from boats, and on the ground, blocking access to areas that were open to the public. [281], Public opinion polls in the U.S. were generally critical of the way President Obama and the federal government handled the disaster and they were extremely critical of BPs response. assessedinjuries to natural resourcessuch as fish, bottom-dwelling organisms, nearshore ecosystems, birds, sea turtles, and marine mammalsand lost recreation resulting from the spill. [198] Chemicals from the spill were found in migratory birds as far away as Minnesota. Fertilizing water with nitrogen and phosphorus to stimulate microbial growth is a common bioremediation strategy for oil spill cleanup; it was used, for example, during the Valdez spill in. [20], On 16 June 2010, after BP executives met with President Obama, BP announced and established the Gulf Coast Claims Facility (GCCF), a $20billion fund to settle claims arising from the Deepwater Horizon spill. Offshore Oil Drilling, "Spike Reported in Number of Stillborn Dolphins on Coast", "Half of bottlenose dolphins in Barataria Bay were seriously ill or dying in 2011, new study finds", "Gulf Dolphins Exposed to Oil Are Seriously Ill, Agency Says", "Restoring A Degraded Gulf of Mexico National Wildlife Federation", "How You Can Help Wildlife Impacted by the BP Oil Spill National Wildlife Federation", "BP Oil Spill: Dolphins Plagued By Death, Disease Years After Rig Explosion", "Dolphins 'suffering miscarriage, lung disease, losing teeth after BP oil spill' researchers claim", "About 565,000 pounds of oiled material from Deepwater Horizon stirred up by Hurricane Isaac", "Tropical Storm Lee surge reveals tar mats on Fourchon Beach", "Discovery of 'tar mat' prompts Gulf closure", "Three Years After the BP Spill, Tar Balls and Oil Sheen Blight Gulf Coast", Gulf of Mexico, since the BP Oil Spill of 2010 April, "AP: BP oil not degrading on Gulf floor, study says", "Study: "Dirty bathtub" buried oil from BP spill", "Tuna study reveals how pollution causes heart problems", "Dispersant Used to Clean Deepwater Horizon Spill More Toxic to Corals Than the Oil", Spike In Dolphin Deaths Directly Tied To Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Researchers Say, Study Links Dolphin Deaths to Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, "Hundreds of baby dolphin deaths tied to BP's Gulf oil spill", "Louisiana DHH Releases Oil Spill-Related Exposure Information", "Is This Oil Spill Solution Worse Than The Problem? BP said the report was inconclusive as to any causation associated with the spill. [191][195][196] Signs of an oil-and-dispersant mix were found under the shells of tiny blue crab larvae. BP originally estimated as part of a Federal Court supervised program offsite link, that those private claims would total about $7.8 billion. So began an 87-day oil spill that spewed 3.19 million barrels, or nearly 134 million gallons, into the Gulf of Mexico. PR Newser, 20 May 2010, Crisis Communications. The oil well was capped three months later, after 24/7 news coverage. [271] On 22 June, a United States federal judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana Martin Leach-Cross Feldman when ruling in the case Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar, lifted the moratorium finding it too broad, arbitrary and not adequately justified. [123], For a time, a group called Matter of Trust, citing insufficient availability of manufactured oil absorption booms, campaigned to encourage hair salons, dog groomers and sheep farmers to donate hair, fur and wool clippings, stuffed in pantyhose or tights, to help contain oil near impacted shores, a technique dating back to the Exxon Valdez disaster. [172][177][178][179][180][181][182] In some cases photographers were granted access only with BP officials escorting them on BP-contracted boats and aircraft. Record criminal fines paid by BP in 2012 half went directly to aid the Gulf. Biostimulation is the adding of nutrients and other growth limiting resources to stimulate the growth of indigenous oil-degrading microbes to increase the rate of remediation. Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment reviews the current state of the science regarding oil spill response and environmental A limitation of their methodology was that some VOCs may have already evaporated from the oil before they began their investigation. [28][361], On 2 July 2015, BP, the U.S. Justice Department and five gulf states announced that the company agreed to pay a record settlement of $18.7billion. The rig capsized and sank on the morning of April 22, rupturing the riser, through which drilling mud had been injected in order to counteract the upward pressure of oil and natural gas. Fortunately, unlike higher organisms that are adversely impacted by oil spills, microorganisms are able to . Secure .gov websites use HTTPS It was based on our thorough assessment of impacts to the Gulf's natural resources and the services they provide. The report also states that a central cause of the blowout was failure of a cement barrier allowing hydrocarbons to flow up the wellbore, through the riser and onto the rig, resulting in the blowout. [126] Over 400sorties were flown to release the product. [256][257] The Gulf of Mexico commercial fishing industry was estimated to have lost $247million as a result of postspill fisheries closures. They used skimmer boats to remove a majority of the oil and they used sorbents to absorb any remnant of oil like a sponge. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Deepwater Horizon oil spill added roughly 800 million liters of hydrocarbons to the Gulf of Mexico. It is possible to add fertilizers, such as iron, nitrogen and phosphorus, to stimulate the growth of such bacteria, an approach used to speed up microbial activity in the sediment along the Alaska. Clean Water Act, RESTORE Act, Oil Pollution Act and criminal statutes lead to $20.8B settlement, largest in U.S. history, Unprecedented funding to support Gulf-wide restoration and research, Major restoration programs funded for next 30 years, NOAA, Department of the Interior and Gulf states developing a 15-year plan, Explosion triggered economic, environmental devastation, and a legal battle, The RESTORE Act results in funding buckets, Settlement to fund a coordinated restoration effort, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Number of adult oysters lost to the marketplace because of the, What resulted from this one incident was an economic, political, scientific and legal nightmare. Using Manual Labour. [320] Halliburton stated that it was acting only upon the orders of BP when it injected the cement into the wall of the well. Fines would be apportioned commensurate with the degree of negligence of the parties, measured against the number of barrels of oil spilled. 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